<p>The Lysander Jacoby House, also known as Burr Heights or Richwoods, is a historic residence in Rockford, Illinois, United States. It was built for Jacoby, a lawyer who became a recluse. It was later owned by a prominent grocer and a doctor, as well as Cheap Trick founder and guitarist Rick Nielsen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lysander C. Jacoby, named after his home town of Lysander, New York, was born in 1816 and came west in 1834. He attended the Harvard Law School, graduating in the class of 1842. He was admitted to the bar the next year. He established a successful practice in Fort Wayne, Indiana and served on circuit courts. Jacoby came to Rockford, Illinois in 1862. He purchased a lot on the Rock River and built his house by 1865. Jacoby&#39;s behavior turned increasingly eccentric. He briefly practiced law with Horace Taylor, but then became a recluse. He attended the Second Congregational Church, but otherwise spent his time in his house with his family and large library. Jacoby died on September 30, 1900, and was buried in Rockford. His daughter Lillian taught drawing and painting at Rockford College.</p><br>
<p>Charles D. Burr acquired the house the year of Jacoby&#39;s death. He was a co-founder of Burr Brothers, a chain of grocers in Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin. They renamed the house Burr Heights and redesigned the landscape to make it one of the most attractive locations in Rockford. Burr lived in the house until 1919, when it was sold to Dr. Robert C. Bourland. A prominent local family, the Bourlands occasionally entertained Clarence Darrow in their house. The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Vikur Lutheran Church at Mountain is an historic Lutheran church building in Mountain, Pembina County, North Dakota. Built in 1885, it is the oldest Icelandic Lutheran church in the United States. The Gothic Revival wood-frame building was built in land donated in 1881 by the pastor Páll Thorláksson, who was influential in establishing the Icelandic American community in the area, and who died in 1882, before its construction. Most of the wood used to build Vikur Lutheran Church at Mountain came from the land owned by Friðbjörn Björnsson, who emigrated from Iceland in 1873, leaving from the farm Baldursheimur in Möðruvallaklaustur Parish, Eyjafjarðarsysla, and homesteaded east of Mountain on Cart Creek in 1881.</p><br>
<p>The church and associated cemetery were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas J. and Caroline McClure House is a historic house in McClure, Illinois. The Queen Anne style house was built in 1882 for farmers Thomas J. and Caroline McClure. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas J. and Caroline McClure, who married in 1853, were both farmers and agricultural businesspeople. The couple took up residence in the village, then known as Clear Creek, where they kept a store, a lumber mill, a flour mill, a blacksmith shop, and 3,000 acre of farmland. The couple primarily grew wheat on their land, which led to the community changing its name to Wheatland in 1887. In addition to their business pursuits, the couple raised seven children.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the McClures commissioned a new house for their family. Thomas McClure died before the house was completed, but Caroline lived in the home until her death in 1918. The couples son J. T., whose family lived in the house until 1946, was a successful farmer and livestock raiser. J.T. McClure also served as the villages postmaster and had the village&#39;s name changed to McClure in 1895. As of the 1990s, the house was still owned and occupied by descendants of the McClure family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The McClure house was designed in the Queen Anne style, which was popular nationally in the early 1880s; it also features some elements of the Italianate style. The house is mainly built of red brick, with a sandstone foundation and wooden decorations. A porch runs the length of the front side of the house and wraps around the northeast corner. A gable with a sunburst pattern sits over the porch at the front entrance. The double entrance doors are topped by a stained glass transom. An additional porch is located on the second story directly above the entrance.</p><br>
<p>A large gable is located on the left side of the front facade. The gable is decorated with a patterned belt course, fishscale shingles, and sunburst patterns on either side of the main window. Another gable, also decorated with sunburst patterns, is located on the northwest corner of the house. A projecting three-sided bay of windows spans both stories on the house&#39;s east side. A square cupola sits at the peak of the hip-and-gable roof, while two dormers protrude from the north and west sides of the roof. The roof is also topped by four tall, rectangular brick chimneys and a smaller square chimney which was likely a later addition.</p><br>
<p>The West Broad Street Industrial and Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Richmond, Virginia. The district encompasses 29 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object built between 1902 and the 1930s. The District is characterized by a variety of architectural styles, including large industrial vernacular buildings, standard post-1900 commercial storefronts, and a large Modern-style department store. The majority of the buildings are two-to-four stories in height and are composed of brick with stucco, stone and metal detailing. Notable buildings include Putney Shoe Factory , C.F. Sauer Headquarters , L.H. Jenkins Book Manufactory , Virginia School Supply Company , the Coca-Cola Bottling Plant , and the former Sears department store . Located in the district is the separately listed Atlantic Motor Company.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Three Chopt Road Historic District is a national historic district located at Richmond, Virginia. The district encompasses 90 contributing buildings, 4 contributing sites, and 4 contributing structures located west of downtown Richmond. The primarily residential area developed starting in the early-20th century as one of the citys early "streetcar suburbs." The buildings are in a variety of popular late-19th and early-20th century architectural styles including frame bungalows, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Mission Revival. There are a remarkable group of unusually large, architect-designed houses and churches. Notable non-residential buildings include St. Bridgets Catholic Church  and St. Stephens Episcopal Church. Located in the district is the separately listed Greens Farm .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Forest Hill Historic District is a national historic district located at Richmond, Virginia. The district encompasses 1,106 contributing buildings and 5 contributing structures located south of downtown Richmond. The primarily residential area developed starting in the early-20th century as one of the city&#39;s early "streetcar suburbs." The buildings are in a variety of popular late-19th and early-20th century architectural styles including frame bungalows, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Mission Revival. The buildings in Forest Hill</p><br>
<p>exemplify a high quality of materials in their construction. Brick is the dominant building material. Notable non-residential buildings include Forest Hill Presbyterian Church; Good Shepherd Episcopal Church; and Forest Hill Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Hayes Building is a historic former box factory at 14-44 Granite Street, Haverhill, Massachusetts. Built in two phases , the building represents the city&#39;s industrial growth around the turn of the 20th century. It was built by Charles H. Hayes, whose business empire also included locally important shoe manufacturers, as well as forest lands in four states to supply his operations. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hayes Building is located on the south side of Granite Street, between Railroad Square and Essex Street, and just north of the shoe manufacturing district of Washington Street in downtown Haverhill. The eastern section of the building, built in 1894, is a six-story structure with Queen Anne styling, built out of red brick with terra cotta, brick, and granite trim and decorative elements. It is ten bays wide and eight deep. Abutting to the west is a seven-story structure built out of buff brick with concrete detailing. The two buildings have been joined together since an early date, with a single entrance and connections between their floors.</p><br>
<p>The building was built for Charles H. Hayes, a leading shoe manufacturer in Haverhill. The box factory established on the premises provided packing supplies for Haverhill&#39;s shoe factories. Hayes and a partner had purchased an earlier box maker located on Granite Street in 1884, which business Hayes became sole proprietor of in 1892. In addition to his operations in Haverhill, Hayes owned a factory in Farmington, New Hampshire, as well as numerous sawmills. His business operations were reported to extend as far south as Delaware and New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The first portion of the present building was construction in 1894 to a design by Josiah M. Littlefield, a leading Haverhill architect. The business was expanded in 1911, with a major addition designed by George W. Griffin. The Hayes Company operated on the premises until c. 1941, leasing out portions of the building as its business declined. The building was then occupied by Western Electric until 1954. Thereafter it housed only a few small tenants, and was largely vacant. The property has since been rehabilitated and converted to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Lundberg House, also known as the Old Stone Mansion, the Byron C. Marlowe Center of Philanthropy, and The Community Foundation of Northern Illinois, is a historic building in Rockford, Illinois, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles J. Lundberg was born in Kirkland, Illinois in 1871. He attended school at the Rockford Business College and decided to permanently settle in Rockford. He learned the furniture trade, working as a machine room operator, bookkeeper, and salesperson for various local furniture makers. Lundberg eventually amassed enough wealth to invest in a few companies. He founded and was the first president of the Co-operative Furniture Company; The Empire, Ltd., and the Rockford World Furniture Company.</p><br>
<p>Lundberg was vice president of the National Furniture Association of America for two terms. Outside of the industry, Lundberg was also the director of the Rockford Life Insurance Company and Commercial National Bank. He served as an alderman for nine years and briefly was the city&#39;s purchasing agent. He was named to the board of Rockford College and served for five years. Lundberg also served terms as president of the Rockford Board of Education and Rockford Symphony Orchestra. Lundberg lived in his 1915 house until the 1940s, when he moved to California.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Frank A. Carpenter was named architect for the house. The house is generally Georgian in character with its two symmetrical wings, large front porch, dormers, and side-gabled roof. The building includes American Craftsman details, such as deep eaves, casement windows, and glazed brick.</p><br>
<p>The L.H. Hamel Leather Company Historic District encompasses the largest tract of intact historical industrial buildings in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts. The monumental factory complex of the L.H. Hamel Leather Company is located just west of Haverhill&#39;s central business district, and is roughly bordered on the west by the right-of-way for the former Boston & Maine Railroad, Essex Street on the south, Locke Street and Duncan Street on the east, and Winter Street on the north. The complex, which was built up between 1886 and 1929, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The oldest building is a brick warehouse whose central portion was built c. 1886, followed by extensions in c. 1910 and c. 1950. It was at first used by wholesale grocery suppliers before becoming associated with the leatherworks of the early 20th century, and is a reminder of smaller-scale 19th century industrial activity in the area. Between 1911 and 1916 a complex of three eight story concrete buildings was constructed on Essex Street by the Haverhill Building Trust, an consortium of local business leaders. These buildings added 30 acre of manufacturing floor space, and more than $1 million to the citys tax rolls. The premises were leased to companies involved in the manufacture of shoes, the citys dominant industry.</p><br>
<p>The Hamel Company did not immediately figure in these buildings&#39; history. Louis Hamel opened his business in the 1910s as a young man, in premises on Washington Street. His business grew rapidly, and in 1923 he moved a tanning operation into 20,000 ft&sup2; the Tilton Building at 115-117 Essex Street, and eventually took over the entire building. A one-story brick addition was added to the building for the Hamel Company in 1928-29. Hamel was an early tenant, however, in the Essex Associates Building at 109-113 Essex Street, a brick eight story structure built 1914-15 to a design by Damon Brothers architects, and providing a distinctive offset to the adjacent lighter-colored concrete buildings. Hamel used these buildings to produce shoe manufacturing equipment, developing innovations he licensed to other manufacturers.</p><br>
<p>By 1940 Hamel occupied space in all four buildings, as well as the Shoe and Leather Associates Building at 98-112 Essex Street. In 1941 Hamel purchased the Pentucket Associates Building, 10 Duncan Street, and expanded operations for leather coats into some of that space, leasing the rest out. Over the rest of the decade the company acquired most of the remaining buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>After the company began closing down operations at the complex in 1973, some buildings were demolished, while others have been rehabilitated and repurposed. The Lang and Burgess Buildings (151 and 143-45 Essex) were converted to offices, while the Tilton, Essex Associates, Pentucket Associates, and other buildings were converted to residences.</p><br>
<p>Rockford Elk&#39;s Lodge #64 is a historic building in Rockford, Illinois, United States originally used by a chapter of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also part of the West Downtown Rockford Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks chapter in Rockford, Illinois was founded in 1887. They met until they disbanded in 1893. In 1901, the group re-organized and was granted a charter as lodge #64 the next year. They originally met in the Winnedbago Lodge Room of the Nelson House hotel. In 1908, Phillip Smith appointed a committee to examine the possibility of constructing a permanent home for the organization. In February of the next year, the lodge purchased the lot at the corner of North Main and Peach (now Jefferson) Streets.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence P. Buck of Chicago was selected as the architect; it is unknown why he was chosen. It was constructed over seventeen months, opening on February 7, 1913. An addition was built in 1929 to house a swimming pool, gymnasium, dining room, and bachelor quarters. The lodge used the building until 1990, when it was sold due to dwindling membership. It sat vacant for fourteen years, when it was donated to The Abilities Center, Goodwill Industries. The building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. On September 5, 2007, the building was also listed as a contributing property to the West Downtown Rockford Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Merrimack Associates Building is a historic factory building at 25 Locust Avenue in Haverhill, Massachusetts. The eight-story brick building, built in 1913, is one of a few industrial buildings to survive redevelopment of the area north of Haverhills main business district. It was designed by architect Damon Brothers, who also designed the nearby Haverhill Board of Trade Building. Both of these buildings were built as essentially speculative ventures to provide factory space for small businesses associated with the shoe manufacturing business that dominated Haverhills economy in the first few decades of the 20th century. By the 1940s the building was occupied by other tenants, most notably Western Electric, which occupied the entire building in 1946. Ownership of the building came to the Hamel family in 1943, which owned the building through a series of trusts until 1986. The property has since been rehabilitated and converted to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Greenwood Cemetery is a 100 acre cemetery in Rockford, Illinois. Founded in 1852, it is the largest and oldest in the city. The Greenwood Cemetery Chapel and Crematory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1838, the first burial occurred in Rockford, Illinois, shortly after the settlement was founded. A man drowned in the Rock River and his body was buried on a plot which is now near the intersection of Cedar and Winnebago Streets. The daughter of Germanicus Kent was buried nearby, making it the first city burial ground. In the early 1840s, a new area was briefly used for burials on the south side of State Street. In 1844, the property was exchanged for two lots on the north bank of Kents Creek. It was chartered the next year as the Rockford Cemetery Association. After another cemetery was chartered in 1853, the Rockford Cemetery Associations land became known as the West Side Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad connected to Rockford and needed to use the lands of the West Side Cemetery. The cemetery moved to the northeast corner of Main and Auburn Streets. It was officially incorporated on June 23, 1852. The land was selected because it was 1.5 mi north of the business district and thus safe from another forced relocation. An additional 17 acre were purchased from D. C. Littlefield in 1879.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel and crematory</h3><br>
<p>In 1887, the cemetery decided to build a chapel to provide shelter for services during inclement weather. The chapel was designed by Henry Lord Gay in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Its tower was meant to resember a Roman War Tower. A 7 ft onyx was installed, engraved with the named of those who died in combat. The chapel may have served as a war memorial until Memorial Hall was constructed downtown in 1903.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, cremation had gained popularity as an alternative to burial. Frank B. Gibson was commissioned to design a crematory addition for the chapel. The first cremation occurred on October 20, 1921. After the crematory opened, the cemetery board of trustees decided to change the name to Greenwood Cemetery. On August 28, 2012, the chapel and crematory was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Ross Barnes, baseball player</p><br>
<p>William Bebb, 19th Governor of Ohio</p><br>
<p>James Henry Breasted, archaeologist</p><br>
<p>John T. Buckbee, USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Stan Campbell, football player</p><br>
<p>Edward F. W. Ellis, member of California State Assembly</p><br>
<p>Julia Lathrop, social reformer</p><br>
<p>William Lathrop, USA Representative</p><br>
<p>John Henry Manny, inventor</p><br>
<p>Anna Peck Sill, educator</p><br>
<p>Loyd Wheaton, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>The Garrison School is a historic school building in Rockford, Illinois, United States. The oldest surviving school building in the city, the original building opened in 1887.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first school sessions in Rockford, Illinois were held in a log cabin starting in 1837. Until 1855, all education in Rockford was handled through private school. Prompted by a new state law in 1855, the city built its first public schools. The first schoolhouse, named Kent School, opened in 1857. Initially split into two districts, one on each side of the Rock River, the districts were consolidated in 1883. The first high school, Rockford Central, opened in September 1884.</p><br>
<p>Garrison School was built in 1887 to serve the booming west side residential district. The building was designed by George Bradley & Son, a prominent local architectural firm. It was named after Thomas Garrison, one of the early real estate developers of the district who died in 1871. Upon its completion, the school already struggled to meet the demands of the growing district. It was doubled in size in 1892 and other schools were opened to meet the needs. The first four principals were women. A gymnasium was added in 1920. Another addition, a one-story octagon, was completed in 1969. On February 9, 2006, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. When the Garrison–Coronado–Haskell Historic District was established on January 12, 2012, the Garrison School was considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The School Street School is a historic school building at 40 School Street in Haverhill, Massachusetts, United States. The brick three-story building was designed by Joseph R. Richards and built in 1856. Stylistically it is a mixture of a number of popular revival styles of the mid-19th century. The building is located on a hill, and appears from some elevations to only have two stories. Its main entrances are located inside round brownstone arches, a typical Romanesque Revival feature. Its roof line features a deep, bracketed cornice, a typical Italianate feature. The bays of the north and south elevations are separated by decorated brick pilasters, a Greek Revival element. The building has a shallow hip roof which was originally topped by a cupola .</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Nahant Life-Saving Station is a historic coastal rescue station in Nahant, Massachusetts. The station, which consists of a residence and an equipment building, was established in 1900 by the United States Life-Saving Service before being taken over by the United States Coast Guard in 1915. The station was discontinued in 1964, and the facilities were converted to recreational use by the Coast Guard. In 1999 the 1.4 acre parcel was turned over to the Town of Nahant. The station, one of twelve such surviving facilities in the state, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Nahant is located on a tied island connected to the south shore of Cape Ann by a sandy north-south causeway. Near the southern end of this causeway there is an eastward projection known as Little Nahant. The Nahant Life-Saving Station is located on the east side of the causeway between Little Nahant and the rest of Nahant. The main station house is an imposing two-story wood frame structure, with a square tower at the southwest corner. The building is in the Shingle style, with a hip roof that is pierced by hip-roof dormers and a large cross-gabled section. The front facade has two inset porches with Tuscan columns at the sides. The interior of the building was originally arranged with the keepers residence in the north, crew quarters in the south, and a boat and equipment storage area in the center. The east facade has two pairs of double-doors for moving boats out to Nahant Bay to the east, while the west side has a single double door (between the porches) for launching boats to the west. This structure was built in 1900 by the United States Life-Saving Service to a design by Victor Mendeleff. To the main stations southeast is an equipment building, essentially a four-bay garage with Colonial Revival details; it was built in 1938 by the Coast Guard.</p><br>
<p>The station was established in 1900, and was one of 33 such stations built in the state. It is the only one that appears to not have been built to a standard plan, and is one of only twelve to survive in any significant form. It was in service until 1964, longer than any other in the state except for the Point Allerton Station (which is now a museum). The Coast Guard converted the building to a recreational facility in 1964, and in 1999 turned it over to the town. The town has restored the building to its appearance c. 1915.</p><br>
<p>The Cairo Historic District is a historic district encompassing a large section of Cairo, Illinois. The district is roughly bounded by Park, 33rd, Sycamore, 21st, Cedar, and 4th Streets and the Ohio River; it includes most areas of Cairo developed by 1890, save for two sections which are almost entirely renovated or deteriorated. The district includes roughly 980 buildings, including both commercial and residential areas. Cairo served as a transportation and trade center in the 1800s due to its location at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and its status as the southern terminus of the Illinois Central Railroad. However, the city suffered severe population decline and urban decay in the 20th century, and even by the 1970s, parts of the district were described as "beginning to assume the appearance of a ghost town".</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 26, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site is an archaeological site located on the western shore of Lake Milligan in Alexander County, Illinois. The site includes two mounds and a village site stretching northwest of the mounds. The village was inhabited by Middle Mississippian peoples from roughly 900-1600 A.D. It likely served as a trade hub and a social center for residents of the surrounding farmland. Formal archaeological investigation of the site was initiated in 1950 by Irvin Peithman of Southern Illinois University.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Robert George Williams House is a historic house at the junction of Arkansas Highway 8 and Arkansas Highway 209 in Parkdale, Arkansas. It was built in 1903 for Dr. Robert George Williams, a prominent medical doctor and businessman in Ashley County, and is one of the most elaborately decorated houses in Parkdale. The house when built was a simple wood frame gable end house with a porch across the front. It was extensively altered in 1917, giving it the Colonial Revival flair it has today, adding gabled dormers on three sides and a two-story portico supported by fluted columns to the front facade.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Sumner&ndash;White Dipping Vat is a historic concrete cattle dipping vat in Ashley County, Arkansas. It is located about four miles northeast of the intersection</p><br>
<p>of USA Highway 82 and County Road 69, half a mile in the woods northeast of the Sumner-White Hunt Club. The vat is a concrete structure about 27 ft long, 4 ft wide, and 7 ft deep. A U-shaped concrete structure, built about the same time, stands about 2 ft from the vat, near where cattle would have exited the vat. It was probably built c. 1915, when a statewide program was initiated for the eradication of Texas tick fever. The facilities were likely used until the program came to an end in 1943.</p><br>
<p>The vat and associated U-shaped structure were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Elijah P. Curtis House is a historic house located at 405 Market Street in Metropolis, Illinois. The Classical Revival house was built in 1870 for Elijah P. Curtis. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and now houses the Massac County Historical Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1834, Elijah P. Curtis settled in Massac County at a young age. Curtis earned his law degree in 1860 and practiced law prior to the outset of the Civil War. After the war began, Curtis and two other men organized the first volunteer Union regiment from Massac County. In 1863, Curtis was promoted to the rank of major. Curtis continued his work as a lawyer after the war.</p><br>
<p>Curtis commissioned his historic house in 1870. The house&#39;s builder, Joseph P. Farrell, was a local artisan renowned for the quality of his work. The house remains well-preserved and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Curtis House is a two-story brick building designed in the Classical Revival style. A two-story entrance portico dominates the front facade of the home. The portico is supported by octagonal columns, features a porch with a balustrade on both stories and is topped by a triangular pediment. The first and second story entrance feature identical doorways with transoms, sidelights, and flanking pilasters. Two double-hung six-over-six windows are located on both stories on each side of the portico; the windows are separated by brick pilasters. The house&#39;s interior has a symmetrical plan with two main rooms on each floor and a central foyer and staircase.</p><br>
<p>The Hamburg Commercial Historic District of Hamburg, Arkansas, encompasses the historic heart of the town. It is centered on the Town Square, where the Ashley County Courthouse stood until it was demolished in the 1960s, and includes a two-block area surrounding the square. Most of the buildings  are brick buildings that were built before 1920. The square is now a grassy park with a gazebo.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Beverly Depot&ndash;Odell Park Historic District encompasses a commercial and industrial area of Beverly, Massachusetts that was developed to its height in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A central theme of the district relates to Beverly&#39;s transportation history with several railroad-related buildings, a carriage manufactory and early automobile factory. The district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014, include two buildings previously listed: the Beverly Depot, built 1896, and the main post office, built 1910.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>The district was nominated to the National Register by Windover Development in order to receive $2 million in tax credits for their renovation of the former Friend Box Factory at 60 Pleasant Street into veterans housing. As the nomination was being reviewed by the Massachusetts Historical Commission, Windover Development planned to demolish two of the buildings (the former Cushing Carriage Factory at 142 Rantoul Street and the former Hotel Trafton at 9 Park Street) for the construction of a new apartment building. Both properties were placed on a one-year demolition delay by the Beverly Historic Commission on January 31, 2013. In a letter to Windover Development, the Massachusetts Historical Commission stated the Beverly Depot–Odell Park Historic District would no longer be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places if these two key buildings were demolished.</p><br>
<p>A collection of brick buildings belonging to National Grid were included in the original nomination of the district; all but one were demolished in February 2013.</p><br>
<p>In April 2019, Beverly Crossing (formerly Windover Development) announced plans to demolish three of the buildings in the district to build a new apartment building, claiming that the structures would be too expensive to renovate. Residents accused the company of hypocrisy for using the buildings&#39; historic status for the tax credits, then proposing to demolish them.</p><br>
<p>Saint Leonard Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Madison, in the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. Built in 1913, it has been described as "an outstanding example of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture."</p><br>
<p>St. Leonard&#39;s parish, named after Saint Leonard of Port Maurice, was organized in 1879. A wood-frame church was built in 1881 on the outskirts of Madison, and moved into the city in 1898. In 1902, the basement of the current church was built, and the congregation moved into it, converting the old church to a school. When funds allowed, the basement was extended, and the current brick church completed in 1913.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the church, its 1912 rectory, and the rectory&#39;s garage were listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as the work of noted Nebraska architect Jacob M. Nachtigall. A pupil of Thomas Rogers Kimball, Nachtigall designed a number of Catholic churches and other buildings in the state, several of which are also listed in the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first white settlers to occupy the site of Madison were a party led by Henry Mitchell Barnes, who settled near the junction of Union and Taylor Creeks in 1867. Growth of the new settlement was rapid; in particular, there was an influx of German families from Wisconsin. The town of Madison was officially platted by Barnes in 1870 or 1871. In 1875, it became the county seat of Madison County, and in 1876 it was incorporated. The Union Pacific Railroad reached Madison in 1879; by 1880, the town had a population of about 300.</p><br>
<p>The first Christian services held in Madison were Presbyterian, taking place in Barnes&#39;s and other homes. A Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1870, and a church built in 1872. A Methodist circuit encompassing Madison and Antelope counties was organized in 1871; a parsonage was built in Madison ca. 1875, and a church begun in 1877. A Lutheran congregation may have formed in Madison in about 1875, although early records are incomplete; the congregation was initially served by the pastor of a Lutheran church in Green Garden Precinct, located about seven miles (7 mi) southwest of Madison. It was formally organized in 1885, and a church built in Madison in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The first Catholic settlers in Madison County homesteaded near present-day Battle Creek, northwest of Madison, in the late 1860s. In 1874, they organized a parish; in 1874&ndash;75, they built St. Patricks Church, the countys first Catholic church. In 1877, they wrote to Bishop James O&#39;Connor of the Diocese of Omaha, asking that a priest be assigned to visit the church at intervals until a permanent priest could be assigned to the parish; in apparent response to this, Franciscan missionaries based in Columbus were given the responsibility of providing for Madison County.</p><br>
<h3>1879–1900</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, a group of Catholic residents of the Madison area met to plan the building of a church. At the meeting, a total of $426.75 was subscribed; additional contributions of $322.86 were obtained from citizens of Madison. In January 1880, the church&#39;s trustees spent $100 for five acres (5 acre) on a hill at the southeastern edge of town. In the spring, a party of parishioners drove their ox teams to Wisner, about 30 mi northeast of Madison, for the first load of lumber for the new church. The 30 x frame structure, with a capacity of 100, was completed in November 1881; the total cost was $957.61, leaving $208.00 owed to the carpenter. The new church was dedicated to St. Leonard of Port Maurice, an 18th-century Franciscan priest, preacher, ascetic, and writer venerated as the patron saint of parish missions.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, a parcel of land southeast of the church was purchased for a cemetery; a one-year-old child buried in September of that year became its first occupant. The cemetery was fenced in 1883. In 1884, the church was enlarged: a sacristy and a room for the priest were added to the east end, and a steeple to the west end.</p><br>
<p>As Madisons population grew, the church became too small for the expanding congregation. In addition, its location outside of the city was inconvenient for many parishioners. In 1898, a tract of land inside Madison was bought. Rather than building a new church at the time, the parish elected to move the old one to the new site. The church was moved in two parts; when it was reconstructed, another section was added between them, increasing the buildings seating capacity to 180. The church on the new site was dedicated in November 1898.</p><br>
<h3>1900–1913</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the parish decided that the old church should be remodelled into a school and a convent for the teachers, and that a new church should be built. Brother Leonard Darscheid, a Franciscan architect, drew up plans for a church; but financial constraints precluded its construction. Instead, a temporary basement church was built just west of the old church building. It is not known whether the design of the basement used Darscheid&#39;s plans. Construction of the basement church began in July 1902, services were held there beginning in September 1902, and it was dedicated in February 1903.</p><br>
<p>The school opened in September 1903, with two classrooms staffed by two members of the Sisters of the Presentation of Dubuque, Iowa. 66 students were enrolled, including a number of non-Catholics, owing to overcrowding in the public schools. To make more space available, a basement was dug in 1904. In 1910, a third classroom was added.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, the Franciscans turned the management of the parish over to the Diocese of Omaha. In October of that year, Edward S. Muenich became the first diocesan pastor of St. Leonard&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Muenich embarked upon an extensive building campaign, for which he retained Omaha architect Jacob M. Nachtigall. Born in Germany in 1874, Nachtigall had immigrated to the United States with his family in 1883. Initially working as a laborer in Omaha, he had served as a draftsman for that citys 1898 Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition. He had then worked as a draftsman for Omaha architect Thomas Rogers Kimball from 1900 to 1908; during this time, Kimball had designed the citys St. Cecilia&#39;s Cathedral. In 1909, Nachtigall had opened his own architectural office.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, a two-story eight-room brick rectory designed by Nachtigall was begun; it was completed and furnished in 1912, at a cost of $10,374. In the fall of 1912, the church basement was extended by over 50 percent.</p><br>
<h3>1913–1946</h3><br>
<p>In 1913, a Romanesque Revival church designed by Nachtigall was built on the existing basement. The cornerstone was laid and construction begun in May; the church was completed by the end of November, and formally dedicated on December 4. The cost of construction was about $75,000. While the church was under construction, Catholic services were held in Madison&#39;s armory.</p><br>
<p>The new church had a seating capacity of 700. In its 110 ft tower was a clock with four six-foot (6 ft) dials, and a peal of three bells, contributed by the citizens of Madison; beside summoning the parishioners to Mass, these rang the quarter-hours, marking time for the residents of the city and the surrounding rural areas.</p><br>
<p>While the urban United States experienced an economic boom during the 1920s, the agricultural sector of the country experienced a depression. Disruption of European agriculture by World War I had produced high prices for farm commodities, and it had been thought that Europes recovery would be slow and that the high prices would persist. This gave rise to a bubble in farmland prices, which burst when the rapid postwar recovery of European agriculture drove commodity prices down again. At the same time, increasing mechanization reduced the need for farm labor, pushing agricultural wages downward and rural unemployment upward. Madison and St. Leonards parish suffered from this agricultural depression and from the Great Depression of the 1930s. During this time, the parish&#39;s population remained more or less stable: in 1918, it consisted of 440 individuals; in 1929, 452.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, the parish was forced to close its school, since the Presentation Sisters were no longer able to staff it. The school re-opened in 1931, with 60 pupils taught by Missionary Benedictine Sisters based in Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>The onset of World War II once again brought prosperity to rural Nebraska, and it persisted into the 1950s. St. Leonard&#39;s paid off its remaining debt, held a mortgage-burning ceremony in 1946, and began raising funds for a new school.</p><br>
<h3>1946–present</h3><br>
<p>The cornerstone for a new school was laid in November 1953. A property adjoining the new school site was bought, and the house standing upon it converted to a convent for the nuns staffing the school. The new building was completed and opened for classes in August 1954; the old school, which had begun life as the first St. Leonard&#39;s Church, was demolished that fall, and its site became a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The Benedictine Sisters withdrew from the school in 1978, prompting the closing of the seventh and eighth grades. The school continued to offer grades 1&ndash;6, taught by three lay instructors.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the early 1990s, Madison experienced a large influx of Hispanics. In 1990, Madison County&#39;s population was 2% Hispanic; by 2010, the number had increased to 13%. In the city of Madison, whose single largest employer was a meatpacking plant with over 1000 employees, operated by IBP and then by Tyson Foods, the increase was far greater:</p><br>
<p>the Hispanic fraction of the population rose from less than 1% in 1980 to 48.8% in 2010, as the Spanish-speaking population increased and the white non-Hispanic population fell. By 2011, an estimated two-thirds of St. Leonard&#39;s parishioners were Hispanic. Beginning in 1991, the archdiocese assigned Spanish-speaking priests to the parish, and both English- and Spanish-language services were offered.</p><br>
<p>The centennial of the church building was celebrated in December 2013, at a bilingual Mass conducted by Elden Curtiss, archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In 1989, three of the parishs buildings&mdash;the church, the rectory, and the rectorys garage&mdash;were added to the National Register of Historic Places, as the work of distinguished Nebraska architect Jacob M. Nachtigall. Beside St. Leonards, Nachtigall designed a number of other notable buildings in Nebraska, many of them Catholic; these include St. Mary of the Assumption Church in Dwight (1914), St. Anthonys Church in Cedar Rapids (1919), St. Bonaventures Church in Raeville (1919), Immaculate Conception Church in Omaha (1926), and Father Flanagans House at Boys Town (1927).</p><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>The church is oriented east–west, with the main entrance facing westward. It is just over 153 ft long from east to west; 52 ft wide from north to south. The walls are made of mosaic gray pressed brick trimmed with Bedford stone, rising from a rock-faced limestone foundation, and are about 40 ft high. The peak of the roof is about 70 ft above ground level.</p><br>
<p>At the west end of the church, a 110 ft belltower rises above the main entrance. The tower is topped with a copper dome, capped with a cross. It contains three bells, weighing 900. The towers clock has four six-foot (6 ft) dials. Below the tower, a flight of seventeen steps ascends to the churchs main entrance, via a set of double doors through a semicircular archway.</p><br>
<p>The churchs north and south walls are supported by a series of buttresses. Seven windows run along each wall. A line of brick corbels runs along the walls below the eaves. Near the east end of the church, a short transept extends a short distance outward. At the churchs east end, beyond the transept, is a semicircular apse with a conical roof, topped with a six-paned conical skylight.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>The interior plan of the church consists of a nave, a short transept, and a semicircular apse. At the west end of the nave is a narthex. At the center of this is a vestibule leading to the churchs main entrance; at the churchs northwest corner is a reconciliation room, formerly a baptistry; at the southwest corner is a short passage from which a staircase descends to the basement and another rises to the choir loft. In the loft is the churchs organ, a tracker model manufactured by the Hinners Organ Company in 1879; the organ was not originally built for St. Leonards.</p><br>
<p>The nave measures 98 ft between the entrance and the communion rail. An aisle passes down its center; narrower aisles follow the north and south walls. Two rows of seven circular columns run along the nave. The columns are made of wood, plastered to conceal the material, and decorated with Corinthian capitals. The rib-vaulted ceiling rises 30 ft above the floor. Fourteen stained-glass windows, depicting scenes from the life of Christ, occupy the nave&#39;s walls. The 13.5 x windows were produced by the Muenich Art Studio of Chicago. Between the windows are sculpted stations of the cross. In three spandrels above columns on each side are fresco paintings.</p><br>
<p>Two marble steps rise from the nave to the chancel. At the top of the steps is a hand-carved white wood communion rail, decorated with miniature onyx columns and topped with marble.</p><br>
<p>At the northwest and southwest corners of the chancel are two side altars: to the north, a Marian altar; to the south, an altar of St. Joseph. The original image on the Marian altar depicts Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception; more recently, an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been added. The St. Joseph altar includes a bone relic of St. Leonard of Port Maurice.</p><br>
<p>On the Gospel side of the chancel is a large hand-carved wood pulpit, decorated with carved figures of the four Evangelists.</p><br>
<p>The chancel is dominated by the high altar, which stands over 20 ft tall, and which cost its donors $2,080 in 1913. Like the communion rail, the side altars, and the pulpit, it is made of hand-carved wood decorated with small onyx columns. At the base is a relief sculpture of the Last Supper; above that is a marble altar table. The tabernacle is just above that; to either side is a sculpted angel, kneeling to the tabernacle and holding the sanctuary lamps. Above the tabernacle is a sculpted Crucifixion of Jesus, with the Virgin Mary and the apostle John on either side of the cross. In separate niches on either side of the crucifixion scene are statues of St. Boniface and St. Patrick, representing the German and Irish ethnicity of the parish in the early 20th century. Above their niches are figures of angels blowing trumpets; at the top of the altar is a statue of St. Leonard.</p><br>
<p>On the half-domed ceiling of the apse is a large oil-painted mural depicting a scene in Heaven. In the center, God the Father and Jesus are enthroned on a cloud; a stained-glass skylight at the top of the dome depicting the Holy Spirit completes the Trinity. Flanking the Father and Son are the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. Below the cloud is Satan in torment. At the left and right of the scene is an assemblage of 18 Catholic saints and 10 angels.</p><br>
<p>Beside the fourteen large windows in the nave, there are 25 stained-glass windows in the church, depicting saints and symbols of the Catholic Church. These include St. Cecilia, patron saint of the Archdiocese of Omaha, and a pair of windows depicting St. Boniface and St. Patrick.</p><br>
<p>In the 1989 form nominating it for the National Register of Historic Places, it was noted that the church had undergone only minor alterations, including an interior redecoration in 1964, the replacement of roof slates with asphalt shingles in 1977, and the addition of a concrete ramp for access by the handicapped in 1986.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>The rectory, located just south of the church, was designed in Neoclassical style, with Romanesque Revival elements. It is a rectangular house measuring 40 ft wide by 57 ft long, with eight rooms in two stories. Like the church, it is made of mosaic gray brick.</p><br>
<p>An open porch occupies the whole of the west frontage, facing the street, and wraps around to cover half of the south side. The portico is supported by circular columns with Doric capitals. At the base of the porch is brick latticework. There is a small enclosed porch with a doorway on the east side.</p><br>
<p>There are three rowlock arches above all of the windows on the first floor. One of the west-facing windows on the second floor has two rowlock arches above it; the other second-floor windows are rectangular. There are two circular window openings in the attic, one facing west and the other south.</p><br>
<p>The rectory has a sloping roof with overhanging eaves and wood cornices. On the south wall is a tympanum, filled in with siding.</p><br>
<h4>Garage</h4><br>
<p>The original rectory garage is located southeast of the rectory. It is a rectangular structure facing westward, measuring 16 ft north to south, and 26 ft east to west. The interior is a single room.</p><br>
<p>The front (west side) of the garage is made of the same mosaic gray brick that was used for the construction of the church and the rectory. The north and south walls are both made of two different materials: the western two-thirds of them is red brick, possibly from the brickyard that once operated in Madison; the easternmost third is plastered with a layer of cement, painted red to match the bricks. The rear (east) wall is also plastered with red cement. It is speculated that the garage was either lengthened to fit a longer car, or that the eastern third had to be rebuilt; the building&#39;s hip roof shows no signs of having been lengthened.</p><br>
<p>The garage has two doors and two windows. Both the doors and windows have two rowlock brick arches over them. The car entrance is on the west side; a passage door is on the north side. A clear-glass window with 16 panes is on the east side. On the west side, north of the car entrance, is a window with beveled lead-glass panes, which appear clear from the outside but red from inside the building. It has been speculated that this window was part of the parish&#39;s first church.</p><br>
<p>Weaver Place  is a historic house in Columbus, Mississippi, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located at 216 3rd Avenue South in Columbus, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in the 1840s. It was the private residence of Frederick Tolbert Weaver and his wife, Susan Elizabeth (Smith) Weaver.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 16, 1978.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church near Cedar Hill, Tennessee, United States. St. Michaels is the oldest Catholic church in continuous operation in Tennessee. Its building incorporates a log cabin structure built in 1842 that is the oldest Catholic church building in the state. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The founding congregants of the church were four families who settled near Turnersville between 1838 and 1840. They bought an acre (0.40 ha) of land from the nearby Wessyngton plantation to build a church. The original log meetinghouse, which measured 22 ft by 32 ft, was completed in 1842 and dedicated on the Feast of the Apparition of St. Michael, May 8, 1842. When the church was built, its location was a stagecoach stop on the route between Nashville and Clarksville.</p><br>
<p>From 1846 to 1855, the church operated a boarding school, Saint Michael&#39;s Male and Female Academy, located near the church. In 1864–5, the priest who served the church was Father Abram Ryan, who has been called "the poet-priest of the Confederacy".</p><br>
<p>In 1934–5, the log structure was sheathed with clapboard siding obtained from the dismantlement of an Episcopal church at Glen Raven and the building received a major addition, giving it a T-shaped plan. A bell tower was added to the front of the building in 1942, the church&#39;s centennial year. The bell that hangs in the tower came from the same church that provided the siding.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels was the only Roman Catholic parish in Robertson County until 1944, when Our Lady of Lourdes church was formed in Springfield. St. Michaels now operates as a mission church of Our Lady of Lourdes. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Crossett Municipal Building is a historic multi-function municipal building at 307-309 Main Street in Crossett, Arkansas. The Art Deco building was designed by the firm of Trapp, Clippard & Phelps, and built in 1954 by C.W. Vollmer. Its exterior is primarily brick, with limestone trim. Prior to its construction, the municipal services of the city were scattered throughout town, and construction of this building was authorized in order to centralize them. The building was designed to house the public library in its north wing, the fire station in the south wing, and municipal offices, including the council chambers, mayor&#39;s office, and municipal court, in the center. The library moved out of its space in the 1960s, after which it was taken over by the police department.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. M.C. Hawkins House is a historic house at 4684 Arkansas Highway 8 in Parkdale, Arkansas. Built 1911–12, it is an excellent example of a Prairie School house designed by Little Rock architect Frank W. Gibb. It is a two-story structure faced in brick veneer, laid out in a T shape. The rectangular main block has a hip roof, while the kitchen wing, which extends to the rear, has a gabled roof. The main entrance is centered on the front facade, and is sheltered by a porch supported by brick columns and pilasters. The top of this porch functions as a deck, surrounded by brick posts and a simple wooden balustrade, which was originally a more complex jigsawn design.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Monterey is a historic plantation house located at Roanoke, Virginia. It was built about 1845, and is a two-story, banked, Greek Revival style brick dwelling with a spreading hipped roof. Two additions were made to the original house after 1871, which gives it an "L"-shape. The front facade features a full-width verandah style porch and the rear has a two-story gallery. Also on the property is a contributing smoke house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>It is owned by George Kegley, and sits on 116 acres of protected land. Mr and Mrs Kegley protected the land and home through a conservation easement with the Virginia Outdoors Foundation in cooperation with the Western Virginia Land Trust. The farm will be forever situated with just a few neighbors and two golf courses, one on either border of the protected area. It is the only easement on private land within Roanoke City limits.</p><br>
<p>Mr Kegley, 90 at the time of this edit, (Apr. 19), is still very active at the young age of 90. Mr Kegley is almost a full-time volunteer, working with the Historical Society of Western Virginia, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation, Blue Ridge Literacy Volunteers, RAM House, Rescue Mission, St.Mark&#39;s Lutheran Church food pantry and a Lutheran summer camping program, in addition to Blue Ridge Land Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Kegley, Louise, died in January 2018 at the age of 85. The two were married for nearly 60 years at the time of her death.</p><br>
<p>Buena Vista is a historic plantation house located in Roanoke, Virginia. It was built about 1840, and is a two-story, brick Greek Revival style dwelling with a shallow hipped roof and two-story, three-bay wing. The front facade features a massive two-story diastyle Greek Doric order portico. Buena Vista was built for George Plater Tayloe and his wife, Mary  Tayloe. George was the son of John Tayloe III and Anne Ogle Tayloe of the noted plantation Mount Airy in Richmond County and who built The Octagon House in Washington D.C. The property was acquired by the City of Roanoke in 1937, and was used as a city park and recreation center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Iron Furnace is a historic iron furnace located in Shawnee National Forest near Rosiclare, Illinois. The stone and brick furnace was built sometime between 1837 and 1839 and was originally owned by businessmen Chalon Guard and Leonard White. The furnace was used to smelt locally mined iron ore; the resulting iron pigs were transported to Elizabethtown, Illinois, where they were shipped elsewhere along the Ohio River. The furnace ceased operations from 1861 to 1868 due to transport and labor shortages created by the Civil War; while local legend holds that the furnace provided iron to the Union navy yard at Mound City, this could have only been possible through stockpiled iron. The furnace closed permanently in 1883, marking the end of Illinois&#39; iron industry.</p><br>
<p>The furnace was heavily damaged by highway construction in the 1930s. The USA Forest Services Golconda Job Corps Center rebuilt the furnace in 1967 in order to preserve the structure. The reconstruction effort also converted the surrounding area into a picnic site and established a visitor information center narrating the history of the furnace and Illinois iron industry. The furnace was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is the only surviving iron furnace from the area&#39;s iron industry, which was the only completely native iron industry in the state.</p><br>
<p>The OShea Building is a historic commercial building located at 7–15 Main Street in Peabody, Massachusetts. Built in 1904 by Thomas OShea, one of the city&#39;s leading businessmen at the time, it is a well-preserved example of commercial Renaissance revival architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The OShea Building is located on the south side of Main Street, just east of Peabody Square, in the citys central business district. It is a two-story building, constructed out of brick, limestone, and granite, with Renaissance revival styling. It occupies a footprint of 160 ft on Main Street, with a shorter frontage on Nichols Lane. Facing Main Street, it consists of three store fronts on each side of a slightly projecting central arched entrance to the office spaces above. The retail floor is divided from the offices by a pressed metal entablature, a feature that also appears above the second-story. The second floor consists of a series of arched window openings, that are grouped into pairs divided by Corinthian pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of two buildings, the other being the Second OShea Building, which stands adjacent to this one on Peabody Square. It was also built too by Thomas OShea, one of the city&#39;s leading businessmen in the early 1900s. At the time both buildings were built, this section of Main Street was still largely residential, with some small shops. The original retail tenants of this block included a druggist, dry goods dealer, grocer, and milliner, and the upstairs housed professional offices and fraternal social organizations, including the Grand Army of the Republic and the Knights of Columbus.</p><br>
<p>Battery Rock is a limestone bluff located at Mile 860 of the Ohio River in Hardin County, Illinois, across from Caseyville, Kentucky. The bluff is a prominent navigational landmark along the river.</p><br>
<p>The site played a role in several conflicts during the Civil War. In 1862, the Union Army based its troops at Battery Rock during a standoff with Confederate troops at Caseyville; the standoff ended when the Union troops moved to Caseyville, found that the Confederates had left the town, and punished the rebellious residents. The bluff also played a role in Confederate general Stovepipe Johnson&#39;s attack on riverboats in 1864. During the attack, boats used the landing at Battery Rock as a safe harbor and a place to monitor the situation. In addition, two Union recruiters from Kentucky used the bluff as a recruiting station in 1864, and either a Union garrison or a local defense force placed two cannons at the site; graffiti left by an Indiana regiment has also been found at the site.</p><br>
<p>The bluff was used as a filming location for the film How the West Was Won in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Battery Rock was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 5, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Orr-Herl Mound and Village Site is an archaeological site located along the Ohio River in Hardin County, Illinois, United States. The site consists of a mound, which includes a sizable midden, and the remains of a village. The village was inhabited from roughly 900 to 1500 AD by Mississippian peoples. The site was an important source of fluorspar, which Mississippian peoples used for carvings and beads. The village was likely a manufacturing site for fluorspar items, which were then traded to other villages; this theory is supported by fluorspar artifacts recovered from the Kincaid Site, a Mississippian chiefdom center on the Ohio River in Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Naff House is a historic house at the northwest corner of 3rd Avenue and Fir Street in Portland, Arkansas. The Prairie Style brick house was built c. 1919, and is one of the few such houses in Ashley County. It was designed and built by Russell and W.H. Gard, two brothers who built a number of other residences in Portland .</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson County Courthouse, located at Courthouse Square in Vienna, is the county courthouse serving Johnson County, Illinois. The courthouse was built from 1869 to 1871; as county records are unclear on the matter, the courthouse was either the fourth or fifth built in the county and the second or third in Vienna. Architect Niles Llewelly Wickwire designed the courthouse in the Italianate style. The courthouse&#39;s design features narrow arched windows with iron hoods, brick quoins on the corners, triangular pediments above the east and west entrances, and a bracketed cornice. The roof is topped by an octagonal cupola with a clock facing each side of the building. The courthouse has functioned continuously since its opening.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 9, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Huntingdon is a historic plantation house located at Roanoke, Virginia. It was built about 1819, and is a -story, five-bay, Federal style brick dwelling. It has a central-passage-plan and an integral two-story rear ell. The front and side elevations feature mid-19th century Greek Revival style porches. The house was restored and improved in 1988–1989. Also on the property is a contributing family cemetery and an outbuilding believed to have been a slave house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Boxley–Sprinkle House is a historic home located at Roanoke, Virginia. It was built in 1907, and is a two-story, five-bay, Colonial Revival style brick dwelling. It has a central projecting bay, full height entrance portico and hipped roof. The house was originally constructed in the Victorian style, with the entrance facing 26th Street  with a corner turret, projecting polygonal bays and a wraparound porch. In the 1940s, the house was redesigned in the Colonial Revival style and the entrance was changed to face Crystal Spring Avenue.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Boxley Building is a historic commercial building located in Roanoke, Virginia. It was built in 1922, during a wave of post-World War I construction in the city. The building is eight stories, and follows a pattern set by other skyscrapers of the time in consisting of three sections similar to a classical column. The bottom section, or pedestal, is one story fronted with granite; the middle section, or shaft, consists of the next six stories built with beige enameled brick; the top section, or capital, is the eighth story fronted with richly decorated terra cotta panels topped with a finely detailed copper cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building was commissioned by William Wise Boxley, a local builder and developer who was Roanokes mayor at the time of construction. Boxley was an influential figure in the city, having played a significant role in the founding of the Shenandoah Life Insurance Company and Colonial American Bank as well as sitting on the boards of both Roanoke College and Virginia Military Institute. The buildings architect was Edward G. Frye, whose firm had previously erected the Roanoke Times building, the citys municipal building, and would complete Roanokes new market building in the same year as the Boxley.</p><br>
<p>Boxleys building materials company was one of the original tenants of the building, and remained headquartered there until vacating in 2005. The building was empty from the late-2000s until being purchased by a local developer in 2016. The buildings offices were converted into residential space, with the bottom four floors used as dormitory housing for international students of two Roanoke-area parochial schools, and the top four floors converted into luxury apartments.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984,</p><br>
<p>First National Bank, also known as People&#39;s Federal Building and Liberty Trust Co., is a historic bank and office building located at Roanoke, Virginia. It was built in 1910, and is a seven-story, granite and buff-colored brick building in the French Renaissance style. It features a Roman Ionic columned main entrance and Doric columns in the main banking hall derived from the Temple of Apollo at Delos.</p><br>
<p>The first director of the bank was Tazewell M. Starkey (1829-1901). In 1926 the bank merged with the National Exchange Bank, and took that name. "When the community opened up, there were a lot of members of the Jewish community who have served on various organizations. For instance, Arthur Taubman was on the board of the First National Exchange Bank, on the board of trustees. When that became Dominion Bank, his son, Nicholas F. Taubman, served on that board of trustees, too."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Basilica of St. Andrew, also known as St. Andrew&#39;s Catholic Church, is a historic Catholic church and rectory in Roanoke, Virginia, United States. It was built in 1900-1902, and is a buff brick church on a stone foundation in the High Victorian Gothic style. It has a cruciform plan and features two tall Gothic towers which flank the main entrance and are</p><br>
<p>square in plan. On each tower are two small lancet windows, two large pointed-arch stained-glass tracery windows, and sets of double pointed-arch openings at the belfry. Also on the property is a rectory built in 1887. The church replaced an earlier small brick church built in 1883.</p><br>
<p>The building cost $60,000 to construct, with another $40,000 budgeted for interior appointments and trim. "The buff brick edifice with stone trimming, designed by William P. Ginther of Akron, Ohio, would become a Roanoke landmark."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The church has had two major renovations since its completion. The first renovations took place after the Second Vatican Council authorized certain liturgical alterations. A freestanding altar was installed so that Mass could be celebrated versus populum, the priest facing the people. The ornate high altar was left in place and intact.</p><br>
<p>Later, the original freestanding altar was replaced with a more ornate, marble one that remains in use to this day. At the same time the interior was radically modified to remove two side altars, a long altar rail, and a select portion of iconography. The lighting of the church was also renovated to allow a brighter hue.</p><br>
<p>From 2010 to 2014, St. Andrew&#39;s saw its most expensive long-term renovation. The large pipe organ, being an object of much effort to maintain, was replaced with an electric organ. The pipes, however, were retained for decoration. In 2014, the steeples, originals from the construction of the church, were removed and renovated.</p><br>
<p>On September 6, 2023, the Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments granted the title of minor basilica to the parish church.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church in Roanoke, Virginia, United States. It was built in 1891–1892, and is a Gothic style limestone church designed by Charles M. Burns of Philadelphia. The building is a nave-plan, clerestory-style church that includes a corner bell tower and a narthex and chapel in the rear. A Tudor Revival style parish house was constructed in 1923. The churchs congregation is one of the city&#39;s oldest, and has included many prominent local, state, and national leaders. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns origins date to the 1830s, when Nicholas H. Cobbs, a reverend of the Bedford parish, came to the Roanoke Valley to preach. Cobbs was also responsible for the establishment of St. Marks in Fincastle, and would eventually become the first Bishop of Alabama. St. John&#39;s grew until, by 1850, it became an independent parish. Its first church building was built in Gainesborough (later Gainsboro), and in 1876 moved to the neighboring town of Big Lick.</p><br>
<p>In 1881 it was announced that Big Lick would be the location of the junction of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W), with both companies moving their headquarters to the small town. Three years and a population boom later, the town became the City of Roanoke. St. John&#39;s membership grew along with the new city. A popular residential area developed south of the city center, and when a lot came available there at the corner of Jefferson Street and Elm Avenue in 1891, a parishioner purchased it for the purpose of moving the church. The decision to relocate the church was not unanimous, and a number of congregants left to form Christ Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The new St. John&#39;s building was completed on the site in 1892. This design allowed for a long row of high windows in the church, increasing light and ventilation, while also removing the need for exterior buttressing. A contemporary news account described this style of church as being unique in Virginia at the time. The nave has a hammerbeam roof with arcading and features many stained glass windows, including one signed by Louis C. Tiffany. A three-story bell tower stands to the northeast of the nave, though a bell was not added until 1989. The church also includes a sanctuary, two-story sacristy, and a gable-roofed chapel. The chapel, initially a large one-story room, was subdivided into Sunday School rooms and expanded with a second story in 1907. A Tudor Revival parish house was added to the property in 1923, and connected to the main building via a 1958 addition. At the time of its construction the parish house included a 500-seat auditorium as well as a gymnasium, choir room, and offices.</p><br>
<p>When it opened in 1892, St. Johns was the largest church in Roanoke, having been constructed with a seating capacity of 600 though having fewer than 250 members at the time. The church grew steadily along with the rapid development of Roanoke as a boomtown; it had around 425 members by 1903, and had more than doubled that number by 1923. An early warden of the church was George Plater Tayloe, a prominent businessman and one of the first trustees of the Valley Union Seminary which became Hollins University. Other members have included city councilmen, members of the Virginia General Assembly, and at least one USA Senator. Six presidents of N&W have also been members. The congregations influence in the city was exercised in 1925 when the church was able to defeat a proposal to widen Jefferson Street and force the removal of St. John&#39;s altar.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Southwest Virginia was granted its own diocese. As St. Johns was the largest of the then 82 churches in the diocese, it was chosen as its home and the site of its offices. The offices were housed in the church until a new building was established nearby in 1949. The new office was funded by a grant from Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans, a member of Coca-Colas board of directors and a prominent Episcopalian from Hot Springs, Virginia. The building was named Evans House in her honor.</p><br>
<p>The Valencia Court Apartments is a four-building apartment complex in Rockford, Illinois, United States. Designed by local architect Jesse A. Barloga, the apartments are considered an excellent example of Mission Revival architecture in Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Valencia Court Apartments were built in the 1920s, a period of great prosperity for Rockford, Illinois. The buildings were built for residents seeking a moderately-priced place to live. The rooms were relatively small, but the high style of the building was meant to evoke the moderately-priced apartment complexes common to Chicago. Early directories indicate that they were initially home to a mixture of singles and married couples.</p><br>
<p>The apartments were designed by Jesse A. Barloga, an architect from Pecatonica. His practice in Rockford was very prolific. He was known for his ability to design popular revival architectural styles. At least 114 single-family homes in Rockford are attributed to Barloga. This Mission Revival design resembles Spanish missions in California and Texas. Elements of the style incorporated into the Valencia Court Apartments are stucco siding, red ceramic roods, arched windows and doors, and decorative ironwork. Barloga designed at least two other Mission Revival buildings in Rockford: the Villa Seville Apartments (1925) and the Eldorado Apartments (1927).</p><br>
<p>As a fine example of the Mission Revival of Illinois, the Valencia Court Apartments were recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 2009. Roughly two years later, they were listed as a contributing property to the Garrison–Coronado–Haskell Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The William Brown Building is a historic commercial building in Rockford, Illinois, United States. Completed in 1892, it is considered a fine local example of Romanesque Revival architecture. It was one of the last major commercial buildings in Rockford between the Panic of 1893 and the Roaring Twenties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1890s, the west downtown district of Rockford, Illinois was finally beginning to eclipse the east downtown district. The construction of the Chestnut Street bridge opened the southern part of Main Street to commerce. The architect of the building is unknown. The Nelson House, sharing some architectural similarities, was completed the next year and may have had the same architect: D. S. Shureman. Judge William Brown was a successful lawyer and politician in the city who died during construction. The building was named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Bank of Rockford was the first tenant, moving in after construction. The Rockford Insurance Company soon followed. Until the completion of the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, the William Brown Building also hosted the local offices of the Grand Army of the Republic. However, soon after the buildings completion, the Panic of 1893 occurred, freezing development in Rockford. For its role as a significant local example of Romanesque architecture, the National Park Service recognized the William Brown Building with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000. When the West Downtown Rockford Historic District was created in 2007, the Brown building was listed as a contributing property.</p><br>
<p>The Haight Village Historic District is an area in Rockford, Illinois reflecting the city&#39;s early residential development.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rockford, Illinois was first settled in 1834. That year, Germanicus Kent founded a settlement on the west side of the Rock River. The next year, Daniel Haight established a town on the east side of the river. The two towns were incorporated together as Rockford in 1839. The earliest east side development was within the confines of what is now the Haight Village Historic District. The oldest extant building in the district is the 1843 Wheeler cottage. A pair of houses still stand from the late 1840s at 314 South Second Street and 405 South First Street. Rockford&#39;s population grew from 235 in 1839 to 1,500 by 1850.</p><br>
<p>John Lake built many of the early houses in Rockford. His lumberyard was in the East Rockford district and he worked as a carpenter and contractor. He lived at 612 Oak Street in Haight Village from its construction until 1874. Judge William Brown, mayor of Rockford and member of the Illinois General Assembly, lived in the district starting in 1858. With increasing immigration following the Civil War, Haight Village became a Swedish community. John Erlander, a Swedish immigrant, became one of Rockford&#39;s foremost business leaders, founding the Rockford Union Furniture Company and Excelsior Furniture Company. His 1871 house is now a museum operated by the Swedish Historical Society of Rockford.</p><br>
<p>Although the district is mostly residential, there are a few exceptions. The 1873 Rockford Watch Company factory building was part of the industrial district that stretched along the river. It is largely of the Italianate style, although additions in 1910 and 1930 do not match. This is one of the few remaining industrial buildings from this era in Rockford. Rockford Central High School was completed in 1905. It was the city&#39;s only high school until 1940. Haight Village was recognized as a historic district by the National Park Service on November 20, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Mount Moriah Baptist Church and Cemetery is a historic African-American Baptist church and cemetery located at Roanoke, Virginia. It was built about 1908, and is a small, one-story, rectangular frame church sheathed in weatherboard. It consists of a main sanctuary, a front vestibule, and a rear chancel bay. The frame building sits on a raised foundation of uncoursed fieldstones. The associated burial ground contains over 100 interments from the 1870s through the present.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Outside the entrance to the church is an historical marker that reads: "Mount Moriah Baptist Church. K-99. The members of Mount Moriah Baptist Church belong to one of the regions earliest African American congregations, originating in a Sunday school for slaves established in the mid-1800s by Dr. Charles L. Cocke, founder of Hollins College. The group gained permission in 1858 to build its first church. The present church, the congregations third, was built about 1908. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in 1994. The nearby cemetery was expanded from a former slave burial ground."</p><br>
<p>"There are many unmarked graves at this location. The listing of names is complete as of 19 June 2007."</p><br>
<p>Recent upgrades in the church property included a new paved driveway from the City of Roanoke, and new kitchen and bathroom facilities, donated by local churches, individuals and organizations.</p><br>
<p>Harrison School is a historic public school building for African-American students in Roanoke, Virginia. It is a rectangular, 13-bay brick building done in modified Georgian Revival architecture. The school was built in 1916, and two-story wings were added in 1922. It was the first school in the city to educate black students beyond the seventh-grade level, and its first principal was the noted educator Lucy Addison. After closing as a school in the 1960s, the building served as a child care center and later low-income housing as well as the home of the Harrison Museum of African American Culture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, the education of African-Americans was a low priority in many Southern states. There had been a school for young Black children in Roanoke since the 1870 establishment of a statewide public school system under the Underwood Constitution, but travel to Virginia State College in Petersburg was necessary for any Black student in the area desiring schooling beyond the seventh grade. The city school board acquiesced in 1916, and the Harrison School opened the following year, with Addison as its first principal.</p><br>
<p>The new building was constructed for just under $32,000. It was done in a modified Georgian style, which was a popular design for school buildings of the time. It is a thirteen-bay, three-story structure faced with brick. The need for additional space warranted the addition of a pair of three-bay wings of two stories in 1922.</p><br>
<p>In its first year, the school had 14 students and only taught eighth grade. An additional semester of high school curriculum was added each year, however, and 1924 saw the graduation of the first class of students educated for a full four years at Harrison. Also in 1925, Addison succeeded in petitioning for a free dental clinic to be added to the school.</p><br>
<p>Addison retired from education in 1927. In 1928, the city built a new high school for its Black population and named it after the former Harrison principal.</p><br>
<p>Harrison School was used as an elementary school through the 1960s, but closed in 1971 following the integration of schools in Roanoke City. The building functioned as a daycare center until 1979, then sat empty until 1982. That year, in addition to being listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provided funding for a local nonprofit organization to repurpose the facility as low-income housing for senior citizens. The structures renovation included space for the new Harrison Museum of African American Culture, though Internal Revenue Service rules regarding HUD loans initially restricted the percentage of floor space the cultural center could occupy. Jim Olin, Roanokes congressional representative, fought for and succeeded in obtaining an exception for the museum, and by its first anniversary the Harrison Museum occupied the entirety of the building&#39;s bottom floor.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the Harrison Museum left its home in the former school building and reopened in a downtown Roanoke arts and culture center in 2013. The space it had occupied was turned into additional low-income apartments.</p><br>
<p>Campbell Avenue Complex, also known as the Trinkle Buildings, is a historic commercial block and national historic district located at Roanoke, Virginia. It encompasses five contributing buildings constructed between 1892 and 1909. The contiguous three-story buildings are constructed of brick over stone foundations. The buildings have a horizontal arrangement of windows above first-floor storefronts and include buildings representative of the Beaux Arts and Tudor Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Roanoke Warehouse Historic District, also known as &#39;Wholesale Row," is a national historic district located at Roanoke, Virginia. It encompasses five contributing buildings constructed between 1889 and 1902. All the buildings are constructed of brick, two-to-four stories in height and three-to-eleven bays in length. Two of the buildings have exceptional corbeled stepped gables in a Dutch-vernacular tradition. The buildings were erected for wholesale food storage.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Southwest Historic District is a national historic district located at Roanoke, Virginia. It encompasses 1,547 contributing buildings constructed between 1882 and 1930 in the Roanoke neighborhoods of Old Southwest, Mountain View, and Hurt Park. It is a primarily residential district with houses in a variety of popular late-19th and early-20th century architectural styles. The district also includes a small number of commercial structures, churches, and two schools.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District is a national historic district located in Roanoke, Virginia. It encompasses three contributing buildings constructed by the Norfolk and Western Railway . They are the Neoclassical Revival style General Office BuildingSouth ; the Art Deco period General Office BuildingNorth ; and the Moderne style Passenger Station .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The eastern wing of the General Office BuildingSouth was constructed in 1896 on the site of the prior N&W headquarters building that had been destroyed in a fire in January of the same year. The western wing a duplicate of the eastern was erected in 1903 and connected to the first via a hyphen. These structures were followed in 1931 by the construction of General Office BuildingNorth, located next to the GOBSouth and connected to it by a skywalk. GOBNorths Art Deco architecture utilizes similar design elements to New York Citys Chrysler Building. The Passenger Station is located just east of GOBSouth and downhill from the Hotel Roanoke (which was also constructed and owned by N&W). Built in 1905 and designed initially in the Neoclassical Revival style, the station saw a 1949 renovation in the Moderne style by industrial designer Raymond Loewy, and has been called "perhaps finest architectural work".</p><br>
<p>In 1992 N&Ws successor Norfolk Southern moved into a new office building in Downtown Roanoke and donated the former offices to a nonprofit foundation. The two wings comprising GOBSouth were converted to upscale apartments in 2002, while GOBNorth is the home of the Roanoke Higher Education Center. The Passenger Station was converted into offices when passenger service ended in the city in 1971, and was vacant from 1992 until being purchased by the Center in the Square foundation in 2000. it houses the citys visitor center, the Historical Society of Western Virginia, and the O. Winston Link Museum.</p><br>
<p>The three buildings were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
